Gebruiker:Guss/klad

Titel 1
	Cel 1
	Cel 3

	Geschiedenis van China;
	Üç Hükümdar ve Beş İmparator
	Xia Hanedanı
	Shang Hanedanı
Zhou Hanedanı	Batı Zhou
Doğu Zhou	İlkbahar ve Sonbahar Dönemi
	Savaşan Beylikler Dönemi
	Qin
Han	Qi Han
	Xin
	Hou Han
Jin Hanedanı	Batı Jin
Doğu Jin	Beş Barbar Onaltı Krallık
	Qi
	Sui Hanedanı
	Tang Hanedanı
	Beş Hanedan On Krallık
G.Song	Jin
	Yuan Hanedanı
Ming Hanedanı	Kuzey Yuan
	Qing
Çin Cumhuriyeti/(Tayvan)	Mançukuo
	Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti

tekstopmaak

Tekstopmaak

spreekwoord Fu Chai

卧薪尝胆 / 卧薪嘗膽(wòxīnchángdǎn): sleeping on thorns and tasting bile

heersers van Chu

The Chronological Tables of Chinese History (9) Zhou Dynasty The State of Chu (楚國 c1112BC to 223BC)

Legend has it that, the sixth son of Lu Zhong (陸終), who was a descendant of Huang Di (黃帝) or the Yellow Emperor, was called Jilian (季連), who was being bestowed upon the surname of Mie (羋). Mie Jilian lived in the region of the river Han Shui (漢水). A son of Jilian became the administrator of You Xiong (有熊 present day Xinzheng 新鄭 city in Henan province (河南省), the former capital of the Yellow Emperor. He came to be known as Mie Xiong Jun (羋熊君

Many generations later, in 1185BC, when Ji Chang (姬昌) became the leader of the Zhou clan (周族), he employed a descendant of Mie Jilian called Mie Yuxiong (羋鬻熊) as his teacher. In 1122, Mie Yuxiong helped Ji Fa (姬發), the edlest son of Ji Chang, to destroy the Shang Dynasty (商朝 c1783BC to c1122BC) and Ji Fa established the Zhou Dynasty (周朝 c1134BC to 256BC).

Ji Fa died in c1116 BC and he was succeeded by his son Ji Song (姬誦), who was crowned Zhou King Cheng (周成王) who reigned until c1079BC. Mie Yuxiong was employed by Zhou King Cheng as a tutor in the Zhou Court. Zhou King Cheng gave authority to Mie Xiongyi (羋熊繹), the grandson of Mie Yuxiong, to rule a region called Jing Man (荊蠻 which is in the present day region between the rivers of Chang Jiang 長江 and Han Shui 漢水, in the two provinces of Hunan 湖南省 and Hubei 湖北省).

Zhou King Cheng also bestowed upon Mie Xiongyi the heritable title of Zi (子) or Viscount. Mie Xiongyi came to be known as Jing Man Zi (荊蠻子) or the Viscount of Jing Man. Most of the residents living in Jing Man were the descendants of the Miao Clan (苗族). Mie Xiongyi established his capital at Zi Gui (秭歸 present day in the east of Zigui county 秭歸縣 of Hubei province). Mie Xiongyi renamed his region of Jing Man to the State of Chu (楚國).

Seventeen generations later, in 740BC, Mie Xiongtong (羋熊通) became the 17th ruler of the State of Chu. Thirty six years later, in 704BC Mie Xiongtong proclaimed that he was not the Viscount of Chu (楚子) but the King of Chu (楚王). He titled himself Chu King Wu (楚武王) and moved his capital from Zi Gui to Danyang (丹陽 present day Zhi Jiang county 枝江縣 in Hubei province). He changed his surname from Mie (羋) to Xiong (熊). From then on the surname of the rulers of Chu was Xiong. However, many of his relatives continued to use Mie as their surname.Mie Xiongtong died in 690BC.

During the Spring and Autumn Period (春秋時代 722BC to 481BC) the State of Chu was one of the powerful States in the land until it was conquered by the State of Qin (秦國 present day Feng Xiang county 鳳翔縣 in Shaanxi province 陜西省). From the inception of the State of Chu in 1112BC to 223BC, when it was subjugated by the State of Qin, Chu had been ruled by forty one rulers. Xiong Fuchu (熊負芻) the last ruler of Chu was captued by the soldiers of Qin. He and his family were being sent to live in the Qin capital of Xian Yang (咸陽 present day Xian Yang city in Shaanxi province). However, some of the aristocrats continued to live in the former capital of Chu.

The surname of the rulers of the state of Chu was Mie (羋). However, in around 740BC Mie Xiongtong (羋熊通) changed it to Xiong (熊)

Name--------------------------------Title-------------------------Period

(01) Mie Yi (羋繹)---------------Chu Zi (楚子)-------------1112BC to ? (02) Mie Ai (羋艾)---------------Chu Zi (楚子)-------------Not Recorded (03) Mie Dan (羋亶)------------Chu Zi (楚子)--------------Not Recorded (04) Mie Sheng (羋勝)---------Chu Zi (楚子)--------------Not Recorded (05) Mie Yang (羋楊)-----------Chu Zi (楚子)--------------Not Recorded (06) Mie Qu (羋渠)--------------Chu Zi (楚子)--------------Not Recorded (07) Mie Zhihong (羋執紅)----Chu Zi (楚子)--------------Not Recorded (08) Mie Yan (羋延)-------------Chu Zi (楚子)--------------Not Recorded (09) Mie Yong (羋勇)-----------Chu Zi (楚子)--------------848BC to 840BC (10) Mie Yan (羋嚴)-------------Chu Zi (楚子)--------------839BC to 828BC (11) Mie Shuang (羋霜)--------Chu Zi (楚子)--------------827BC to 822BC (12) Mie Xun (羋徇)-------------Chu Zi (楚子)--------------821BC to 801BC (13) Mie E (羋咢)----------------Chu Zi (楚子)--------------800BC to 780BC (14) Mie Yi (羋儀)----------------Ruo Ao (若敖)------------779BC to 764BC (15) Mie Kan (羋坎)-------------Xiao Ao (霄敖)-----------763BC to 758BC (16) Mie Xuan (羋眴)-----------Fen Mao (蚡冒)-----------757BC to 741BC (17) Mie Tong (羋通)-----------KingWu(武王)-------------740BC to 690BC

Mie Tong changed his surname from Mie (羋) to Xiong (熊) (18) Xiong Zi (熊貲)------------King Wen (文王)---------689BC to 676BC (19) Xiong Jian (熊艱)---------Du Ao (杜敖)--------------675BC to 672BC (20) Xiong Yun (熊惲)----------King Cheng (成王)-------671BC to 626BC (21) Xiong Shangchen (熊商臣)-King Mu (穆王)-------625BC to 614BC (22) Xiong Lu (熊旅)------------King Zhuang (莊王)------613BC to 591BC (23) Xiong Shen (熊審)--------King Gong (共王)---------590BC to 560BC (24) Xiong Zhao (熊招)-------- King Kang (康王)---------559BC to 545BC (25) Xiong Yuan (熊員)--------Jia Ao (郟敖)----------------544BC to 541BC (26) Xiong Wei (熊圍)----------King Ling (靈王)-----------540BC to 529BC (27) Xiong Qiji (熊棄疾)--------King Ping (平王)-----------528BC to 516BC (28) Xiong Zhen (熊軫)---------King Zhao (昭王)-----------515BC to 489BC (29) Xiong Zhang (熊章)-------King Hui (惠王)--------------488BC to 432BC (30) Xiong Zhong (熊仲)-------King Jian (簡王)-------------431BC to 408BC (31) Xiong Dang (熊當)--------King Sheng (聲王)----------407BC to 402BC (32) Xiong Yi (熊疑)-------------King Dao (悼王)-------------401BC to 381BC (33) Xiong Zang (熊藏)---------King Xiao (蕭王)------------380BC to 370BC (34) Xiong Liang Fu (熊良夫)-King Xuan (宣王)-----------369BC to 340BC (35) Xiong Shang (熊商)-------King Wei (威王)-------------339BC to 329BC (36) Xiong Huai (熊槐)----------King Huai (懷王)------------328BC to 299BC (37) Xiong Heng (熊橫)---------King Qing (頃王)------------298BC to 263BC (38) Xiong Wan (熊完)----------King Kaolie (考烈王)------262BC to 238BC (39) Xiong Han (熊捍)-----------King You (幽王)-------------237BC to 228BC (40) Xiong You (熊猶)-----------King Ai (哀王)----------------227BC to 228BC (41) Xiong Fuchu (熊負芻)-----King Fuchu (負芻王)-------227BC to 223BC

Stamboom Vijf Oerkeizers

⁽¹⁾ Huangdi 黃帝

Xuanxiao 玄囂

Changyi 昌意

Jiaoji 蟜極

⁽²⁾ Zhuanxu 顓頊

⁽³⁾ Diku 帝嚳

Qiongchan 窮蟬

Gun 鯀

(Dizhi) 帝挚

⁽⁴⁾ Yao 堯

Jingkang 敬康

⁽⁶⁾ Yu 禹

Juwang 句望

Qiaoniu 橋牛

Gusou 瞽叟

⁽⁵⁾ Shun 舜

IPA

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Cyrillisch: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я

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plaatsen van woorden zonder dat ze worden gezien

() {nuweg|afgehandelde linkmelding}

vandalisme

eerst {{zb}}, dan {{brp}} en pas dán {{ws}}

karakters Fuxi

Fuxi

伏 (radical 9 人+4, 6 strokes) fú (crouch, crawl, lie hidden, conceal)
宓 (radical 40 宀+5, 8 strokes) mì, fú (1. quiet, silent 2. in good health)
虙 (radical 141 虍+5, 9 strokes) fú (-)

羲 (radical 123 羊+10, 16 strokes) xī 1. ancient emperor 2. breath, vapor
犧 (radical 93 牛+16, 20 strokes) xī (sacrifice, give up sacrificial)
獻 (radical 94 犬+16, 19 strokes) xī 1. (offer, present 2. show, display)

Paoxi

包 (radical 20 勹+3, 5 strokes bāo (wrap, pack, bundle package)
庖 (radical 53 广+5, 8 strokes) páo (kitchen cooking, cuisine)
垉 (radical 32 土+5, 8 strokes páo (-)

犧 (radical 93 牛+16, 20 strokes) xī (sacrifice, give up sacrificial)
羲 (radical 123 羊+10, 16 strokes) xī (1. ancient emperor 2. breath, vapor)

Taihao

太 (radical 37 大+1, 4 strokes) tài (1. very, too, much 2. big 3. extreme 4. great)

昊 (radical 72 日+4, 8 strokes) hào (summer time 2. sky 3. heaven)
皞 (radical 106 白+10, 15 strokes) hào (bright, brilliant)

tien meest voorkomende karakters in moderne Chinese teksten

rang	karakter	pinyin	betekenis	% in tekst	% cumulatief
1	的	de	(onderschikkingspartikel), van	4,2	4,2
2	一	yī	één	1,8	6,0
3	了	le	(aspectspartikel)	1,7	7,7
4	是	shì (shi)	zijn (koppelwerkwoord)	1,5	9,2
5	不	bú	niet	1,4	10,6
6	找	zhǎo	zoeken, naar iets uitzien, op zoek zijn naar iets; iemand te spreken wensen, iemand bezoeken; teruggeven	1,3	11,9
7	在	zài	hoofdwerkwoord: zich bevinden te, zijn in; bijwerkwoord: in, te, op; bestaan, existeren	1,1	13,0
8	右	yòu	rechts, rechterkant	1,0	13,9
9	人	rén	mens, man, persoon, iedereen; persoonlijkheid	1,0	14,9
10	这	zhè	deze, dit	0,9	15,8

notaties

18^e eeuw
voor ^[bron?] zie {fact}

A.D. klein geschreven:

A.D. 1247

Voorganger:
Shun
(888 - 888 v. Chr.)

Heersers Xia-dynastie

Opvolger:
Qi
(777 - 777 v. Chr.)

^{[citation needed]}

^{[bronvermelding gewenst]}

smileys

🙂

🙁

🙂

😉

Basisregels bij het schrijven van Chinese karakters

Basisregels

			Van boven naar beneden
			Streep naar links, daarna streep naar rechts
			bij een omkadering eerst de verticale streep links, die vervolgens in èèn beweging overgaat in de verticale streep rechts
			als twee strepen elkaar snijden eerst de horizontale, dan de verticale streep
			onderste horizontale streep als laatste
			bij symmetrische karakters eerst het midden en dan de twee 'vleugels'
			strepen die naar links afbuigen komen voor strepen die naar rechts afbuigen
			strepen die naar rechts afbuigen als laatste. Deze regel kan in strijd zijn met de voorafgaande regels.
Let op:

Regels volgens Zhongwen.com

Li Po

(Li Po): 靜夜思 (jing4 ye4 si1): stille nacht gedachten

床 前 明 月 光 (chuang2- qian2- ming2- yue4+ guang1+)
(bed) (voorzijde) (helder) (maanlicht) 
疑 是 地 上 霜 (yi2- shi4+ di4+ shang4+ shuang1-)
(denken dat het kan zijn) (op de grond) (vorst)
舉 頭 望 明 月 (ju3+ tou2- wang4+ ming2- yue4+)
(opheffen) (hoofd) (kijken naar) (helder) (maan) 
低 頭 思 故 鄉 (di1- tou2- si1- gu4+ xiang1-)
(doen zakken) (hoofd) (denken aan) (oud) (geboortegrond)

(- pingtoon, + zetoon)

Maneschijn valt voor het bed,
Of is het rijp op de grond?
Ik kijk op, tuur naar de maan,
Kijk weer neer en denk aan thuis.
(Vertaling door Mark Leenhouts, p.12)

Tabellen

Koptekst
Rij 1, kolom 1	Rij 1, kolom 2
Rij 2, kolom 1	Rij 2, kolom 2

Naam	Leeftijd
Pietje	24
Kees	21

Voorbeeld uitklapbare tekst

blabla

lijst nummer 1
lijst nummer 2

blabla

stamboom

stap1

Base	Node

stap2

Subtree1	Leaf1

Subtree2	Leaf2

Subtree1	Leaf1

Subtree2	Leaf2

stap3

	Leaf1

	Leaf2

Leaf3

stap4

Voorbeeld

Austroaziatische invloed

Mundatalen

yeah

Other birds

Galloanserae

Anseriformes

	Galliformes

	Craciformes

	onbekend

	nog in te vullen

Mon-Khmertalen

Other birds

Galloanserae

Anseriformes

	Galliformes

	Craciformes

Voorbeeld van een ingekaderde, rechts geplaatste stamboom

Het Austroaziatisch is een taalfamilie die bestaat uit meer dan 150 talen die (in 2005) door ruim 95 miljoen bewoners van Zuidoost-Azië en het oostelijk deel van India worden gesproken. 'Austro' in Austroaziatisch is afgeleid van australis, Latijn voor 'zuidelijk'. De term stamt uit het begin van de 20e eeuw en is voor het eerst gebruikt door de Duitse taalkundige Wilhelm Schmidt (1868–1954) als parallel voor de eveneens door hem bedachte term Austronesisch. De twee meest gesproken talen uit de Austroaziatische taalfamilie zijn het Vietnamees, de officiële taal van Vietnam en het Khmer, de officiële taal van Cambodja.

Sinds 1850, toen het Austroaziatisch voor het eerst als aparte taalfamilie werd onderkend, is geprobeerd de taalfamilie genetisch te verbinden met andere taalfamilies. De meeste bekende theorie is de Austrische hypothese, die uitgaat van een genetische verwantschap tussen de Austroaziatische en de Austronesische talen.

stap 5

Chinese talen

Oudchinees

Mintalen

	Zuidelijk Min

	Mindong

	Minbei

Middelchinees

	Mandarijn

	Wu

	Hakka

	Yue

	Xiang

	Gan

nog te ontdekken3

	onbekend1

	onbekend2

Bai

	onbekend bai1

	onbekend bai2

bai2

	?

	??

Prehistorie

Shizitan 柿子滩 Site in Jixian（吉县） County, Linfen, Shanxi; zaoyuan ; wenxi ; shimen ; shayuan 沙苑 ; dadiwan 大地灣 ; baijia 白家 ; dingcun 丁村 ;

Zie: voor afbeelding van potscherf met karakters uit Erlitou

Afbeeldingen

Opmerkingen uit en.wp.

Mostly the Zizhi Tongjian (both the original as written by Sima Guang and as translated into modern Chinese by Bo Yang), supplemented with the official histories Book of Jin, Book of Song, and Book of Wei. Thanks for your comments. --Nlu (talk) 04:43, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Since the starting line had based accordingly to Zhang Qian (under 61), so let get this straight, Xiongnu attack on Yuezhi causing them to move to Ili Valley (which later occupied by the Wusun, 96), this moving of Yuezhi caused them to defeated the king of Sai and the Sais move far to the south, while Yuezhi occupied the area, they were defeated by the Wusun and the Yuezhi moved to the Daxia (Daxia only mentioned on this parts on 61, Xiongnu did not drove them far enough to Daxia, it was Wusun), and the Wusun occupied the area. Eiorgiomugini 14:21, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Literatuur Han periode

http://www.staff.hum.ku.dk/dbwagner/TB/TB.html Hitorical sources for the Han period. The most important of these are the three Official Histories (Zheng shi ):
'Shi ji
(Records of the historian), by Sima Qian (ca. 145-90 B.C.) and his father Sima Tan . A history of the known world from the beginnings to the authors' own time, thus incorporating approximately the first century of the Han period.
Han shu
(The book of Han), by Ban Gu (A.D. 32-92), his sister Ban Zhao , and others. A history of China from the beginning of the Han to the period of the usurper Wang Mang , i.e. from 206 B.C. to A.D. 25. For the first century of the Han it overlaps with the Shi ji, and in these parts the Han shu text is usually copied from the Shi ji, slightly rewritten.
Hou Han shu
(The book of Later Han), by Fan Ye (A.D. 398-445). A history of China from the Wang Mang period to the final fall of the dynasty, i.e. from about A.D. 25 to 220. In writing this history Fan Ye drew on a number of earlier histories of the same period, many of which had this same title, Hou Han shu, which have survived only in part.

The sources in translation :

Watson, Burton
- Records of the Grand Historian of China: Translated from the Shi chi of Ssu-ma Ch'ien. 2 vols., New York & London: Columbia University Press, 1961.

Rev. and expanded ed., Records of the Grand Historian: by Sima Qian. 1993.

Translates most of the chapters of the Shi ji which relate to the Han period.

Chavannes, Édouard (tr.)
- Les mémoires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien. T. 1, 1895; t. 2, 1897; t. 3, 1898; t. 4, 1901; t. 5, 1905; t. 1-5 repr. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1967. T. 6, ed. and completed by Paul Demiéville, Max Kaltenmark, & Timoteus Pokora, Paris: Maisonneuve, 1969.

"Introduction", t. 1, pp. i-ccxlix.
covers the first 52 chapters, most of which are related to pre-Han periods and thus are of less importance here.

Dubs, Homer H. (tr.)
- The history of the Former Han Dynasty, by Pan Ku, a critical translation with annotations. Vols. 1-3, Baltimore: Waverly Press, 1938, 1944, 1955. Tr. of juan 1-12 + 99 of Han shu. Further volumes were planned but never published.

Watson is justly famous for his highly readable translations of ancient Chinese texts, but he is criticised for the very sparing commentary and philological apparatus in his translations; Dubs' translations from the Han shu are much more "scholarly", but not at all easy to read.

Published translations from the Hou Han shu are few, but one can indirectly read it in translation by reading translations from the Zizhi tongjian . This book is a year-by-year history of China from the fifth century B.C. to the tenth century A.D., compiled by Sima Guang (1019-1086) by a scissors-and-paste method from the sources available to him. Since the Hou Han shu was very nearly his only source for the Later Han period, the following translations from the Zizhi tongjian can be useful to students as substitutes for translations from the Hou Han shu:

DeCrespigny, Rafe (tr.)
- The last of the Han: Being the chronicle of the years 181-220 A.D. as recorded in chapters 58-68 of the Tzu-chih t'ung-chien of Ssu-ma Kuang (Centre of Oriental Studies, Monograph 9). Canberra: Australian National University, 1969.
DeCrespigny, Rafe (tr.)
- Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling: Being the chronicle of Later Han for the years 157 to 189 AD as recorded in chapters 54 to 59 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang (Faculty of Asian Studies monographs: New series, 12). 2 vols., Canberra: Australian National University, 1989.