Isotopen van lood
Het chemisch element lood (Pb), met een atoommassa van 207,2 u, bezit 4 stabiele isotopen: 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb en 208Pb, waarvan de laatste het meest abundant is (ongeveer 52,4%). De 33 radio-isotopen zijn onstabiel en hebben een relatief korte halfwaardetijd. In de natuur komen ook sporen van de radio-isotopen 210Pb, 211Pb, 212Pb en 214Pb voor.
De kortstlevende isotoop van lood is 176Pb, met een halfwaardetijd van ongeveer 5,2 milliseconden. De langstlevende is 205Pb, met een halfwaardetijd van ongeveer 15,3 miljoen jaar.
Stabiele isotopen
bewerkenLood-204, met een natuurlijke abundantie van ongeveer 1,4%, is een primordiaal en niet-radiogeen nuclide. Het wordt ervan verdacht via α-verval te vervallen tot de stabiele isotoop 200Hg, met een halveringstijd van 140 biljard jaar. Omdat deze halveringstijd miljoenen malen groter is dan de leeftijd van het universum, kan de isotoop als stabiel worden beschouwd.
De overige stabiele loodisotopen, 206Pb, 207Pb en 208Pb, vormen het eindpunt van de vervalreeksen van respectievelijk uranium, actinium en thorium. Ook deze isotopen worden verdacht via α-verval te vervallen tot isotopen van kwik. Lood-208 is de zwaarste bekende stabiele isotoop en bezit een extreem lange halveringstijd van 20 triljoen jaar.
Alle stabiele isotopen kunnen gebruikt worden in de lood-looddatering en de uranium-looddatering.
Overzicht
bewerken| Nuclide | Z (p) | N (n) | Isotopische massa (u) | Halveringstijd | Radioactief verval | VP | Kernspin | Isotopische verhouding (molfractie) |
Natuurlijk voorkomen (molfractie) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitatie-energie | |||||||||
| 178Pb | 82 | 96 | 178,003830(26) | 0,23(15) ms | 0+ | ||||
| 179Pb | 82 | 97 | 179,00215(21) | 3 ms | 5/2− | ||||
| 180Pb | 82 | 98 | 179,997918(22) | 4,5(11) ms | 0+ | ||||
| 181Pb | 82 | 99 | 180,99662(10) | 45(20) ms | α (98%) | 177Hg | 5/2− | ||
| β+ (2%) | 181Tl | ||||||||
| 182Pb | 82 | 100 | 181,992672(15) | 60(40) ms | α (98%) | 178Hg | 0+ | ||
| β+ (2%) | 182Tl | ||||||||
| 183Pb | 82 | 101 | 182,99187(3) | 535(30) ms | α (94%) | 179Hg | (3/2−) | ||
| β+ (6%) | 183Tl | ||||||||
| 183mPb | 94(8) keV | 415(20) ms | α | 179Hg | (13/2+) | ||||
| β+ (zelden) | 183Tl | ||||||||
| 184Pb | 82 | 102 | 183,988142(15) | 490(25) ms | α | 180Hg | 0+ | ||
| β+ (zelden) | 184Tl | ||||||||
| 185Pb | 82 | 103 | 184,987610(17) | 6,3(4) s | α | 181Hg | 3/2− | ||
| β+ (zelden) | 185Tl | ||||||||
| 185mPb | 60(40) keV | 4,07(15) s | α | 181Hg | 13/2+ | ||||
| β+ (zelden) | 185Tl | ||||||||
| 186Pb | 82 | 104 | 185,984239(12) | 4,82(3) s | α (56%) | 182Hg | 0+ | ||
| β+ (44%) | 186Tl | ||||||||
| 187Pb | 82 | 105 | 186,983918(9) | 15,2(3) s | β+ | 187Tl | (3/2−) | ||
| α | 183Hg | ||||||||
| 187mPb | 11(11) keV | 18,3(3) s | β+ (98%) | 187Tl | (13/2+) | ||||
| α (2%) | 183Hg | ||||||||
| 188Pb | 82 | 106 | 187,980874(11) | 25,5(1) s | β+ (91,5%) | 188Tl | 0+ | ||
| α (8,5%) | 184Hg | ||||||||
| 188m1Pb | 2578,2(7) keV | 830(210) ns | (8−) | ||||||
| 188m2Pb | 2800(50) keV | 797(21) ns | |||||||
| 189Pb | 82 | 107 | 188,98081(4) | 51(3) s | β+ | 189Tl | (3/2−) | ||
| 189mPb | 40(30) keV | 1 min | β+ (99,6%) | 189Tl | (13/2+) | ||||
| α (0,4%) | 185Hg | ||||||||
| 190Pb | 82 | 108 | 189,978082(13) | 71(1) s | β+ (99,1%) | 190Tl | 0+ | ||
| α (0,9%) | 186Hg | ||||||||
| 190m1Pb | 2614,8(8) keV | 150 ns | 10+ | ||||||
| 190m2Pb | 2618(20) keV | 25 µs | (12+) | ||||||
| 190m3Pb | 2658,2(8) keV | 7,2(6) µs | 11− | ||||||
| 191Pb | 82 | 109 | 190,97827(4) | 1,33(8) min | β+ (99,987%) | 191Tl | (3/2−) | ||
| α (0,013%) | 187Hg | ||||||||
| 191mPb | 20(50) keV | 2,18(8) min | β+ (99,98%) | 191Tl | 13/2+ | ||||
| α (0,02%) | 187Hg | ||||||||
| 192Pb | 82 | 110 | 191,975785(14) | 3,5(1) min | β+ (99,99%) | 192Tl | 0+ | ||
| α (0,0061%) | 188Hg | ||||||||
| 192m1Pb | 2581,1(1) keV | 164(7) ns | 10+ | ||||||
| 192m2Pb | 2625,1(11) keV | 1,1(5) µs | (12+) | ||||||
| 192m3Pb | 2743,5(4) keV | 756(21) ns | 11− | ||||||
| 193Pb | 82 | 111 | 192,97617(5) | 5 min | β+ | 193Tl | (3/2−) | ||
| 193m1Pb | 130(80) keV | 5,8(2) min | β+ | 193Tl | 13/2+ | ||||
| 193m2Pb | 2612,5(5)+X keV | 135(+25-15) ns | (33/2+) | ||||||
| 194Pb | 82 | 112 | 193,974012(19) | 12,0(5) min | β+ (100%) | 194Tl | 0+ | ||
| α (7,3 × 10−6%) | 190Hg | ||||||||
| 195Pb | 82 | 113 | 194,974542(25) | ± 15 min | β+ | 195Tl | 3/2− | ||
| 195m1Pb | 202,9(7) keV | 15,0(12) min | β+ | 195Tl | 13/2+ | ||||
| 195m2Pb | 1759,0(7) keV | 10,0(7) µs | 21/2− | ||||||
| 196Pb | 82 | 114 | 195,972774(15) | 37(3) min | β+ | 196Tl | 0+ | ||
| α (3 × 10−5%) | 192Hg | ||||||||
| 196m1Pb | 1049,20(9) keV | < 100 ns | 2+ | ||||||
| 196m2Pb | 1738,27(12) keV | < 1 µs | 4+ | ||||||
| 196m3Pb | 1797,51(14) keV | 140(14) ns | 5− | ||||||
| 196m4P | 2693,5(5) keV | 270(4) ns | (12+) | ||||||
| 197Pb | 82 | 115 | 196,973431(6) | 8,1(17) min | β+ | 197Tl | 3/2− | ||
| 197m1Pb | 319,31(11) keV | 42,9(9) min | β+ (81%) | 197Tl | 13/2+ | ||||
| IT (19%) | 197Pb | ||||||||
| α (3 × 10−4%) | 193Hg | ||||||||
| 197m2Pb | 1914,10(25) keV | 1,15(20) µs | 21/2− | ||||||
| 198Pb | 82 | 116 | 197,972034(16) | 2,4(1) uur | β+ | 198Tl | 0+ | ||
| 198m1Pb | 2141,4(4) keV | 4,19(10) µs | 7− | ||||||
| 198m2Pb | 2231,4(5) keV | 137(10) ns | 9− | ||||||
| 198m3Pb | 2820,5(7) keV | 212(4) ns | 12+ | ||||||
| 199Pb | 82 | 117 | 198,972917(28) | 90(10) min | β+ | 199Tl | 3/2− | ||
| 199m1Pb | 429,5(27) keV | 12,2(3) min | IT (93%) | 199Pb | (13/2+) | ||||
| β+ (7%) | 199Tl | ||||||||
| 199m2Pb | 2563,8(27) keV | 10,1(2) µs | (29/2−) | ||||||
| 200Pb | 82 | 118 | 199,971827(12) | 21,5(4) uur | β+ | 200Tl | 0+ | ||
| 201Pb | 82 | 119 | 200,972885(24) | 9,33(3) uur | IT (99%) | 201Pb | 5/2− | ||
| β+ (1%) | 201Tl | ||||||||
| 201m1Pb | 629,14(17) keV | 61(2) s | 13/2+ | ||||||
| 201m2Pb | 2718,5+X keV | 508(5) ns | (29/2−) | ||||||
| 202Pb | 82 | 120 | 201,972159(9) | 52,5(28) × 103 jaar | EV (99%) | 202Tl | 0+ | ||
| α (1%) | 198Hg | ||||||||
| 202m1Pb | 2169,83(7) keV | 3,53(1) uur | IT (90,5%) | 202Pb | 9− | ||||
| EV (9,5%) | 202Tl | ||||||||
| 202m2Pb | 4142,9(11) keV | 110(5) ns | (16+) | ||||||
| 202m3Pb | 5345,9(13) keV | 107(5) ns | (19−) | ||||||
| 203Pb | 82 | 121 | 202,973391(7) | 51,873(9) uur | EV | 203Tl | 5/2− | ||
| 203m1Pb | 825,20(9) keV | 6,21(8) s | IT | 203Pb | 13/2+ | ||||
| 203m2Pb | 2949,47(22) keV | 480(7) ms | 29/2− | ||||||
| 203m3Pb | 2923,4+X keV | 122(4) ns | (25/2−) | ||||||
| 204Pb | 82 | 122 | 203,9730436(13) | stabiel | 0+ | 0,014(1) | 0,0104 - 0,0165 | ||
| 204m1Pb | 1274,00(4) keV | 265(10) ns | 4+ | ||||||
| 204m2Pb | 2185,79(5) keV | 67,2(3) min | 9− | ||||||
| 204m3Pb | 2264,33(4) keV | 0,45(+10-3) µs | 7− | ||||||
| 205Pb | 82 | 123 | 204,9744818(13) | 15,3(7) × 106 jaar | EV | 205Tl | 5/2− | ||
| 205m1Pb | 2,329(7) keV | 24,2(4) µs | 1/2− | ||||||
| 205m2Pb | 1013,839(13) keV | 5,55(2) ms | 13/2+ | ||||||
| 205m3Pb | 3195,7(5) keV | 217(5) ns | 25/2− | ||||||
| 206Pb | 82 | 124 | 205,9744653(13) | stabiel | 0+ | 0,241(1) | 0,2084 - 0,2748 | ||
| 206m1Pb | 2200,14(4) keV | 125(2) µs | 7− | ||||||
| 206m2Pb | 4027,3(7) keV | 202(3) ns | 12+ | ||||||
| 207Pb | 82 | 125 | 206,9758969(13) | stabiel | 1/2− | 0,221(1) | 0,1762 - 0,2365 | ||
| 207mPb | 1633,368(5) keV | 806(6) ms | IT | 207Pb | 13/2+ | ||||
| 208Pb | 82 | 126 | 207,9766521(13) | stabiel | 0+ | 0,524(1) | 0,5128 - 0,5621 | ||
| 208mPb | 4895(2) keV | 500(10) ns | 10+ | ||||||
| 209Pb | 82 | 127 | 208,9810901(19) | 3,253(14) uur | β− | 209Bi | 9/2+ | ||
| 210Pb | 82 | 128 | 209,9841885(16) | 22,20(22) jaar | β− (100%) | 210Bi | 0+ | sporen | |
| α (1,9 × 10−6%) | 206Hg | ||||||||
| 210mPb | 1278(5) keV | 201(17) ns | 8+ | ||||||
| 211Pb | 82 | 129 | 210,9887370(29) | 36,1(2) min | β− | 211Bi | 9/2+ | sporen | |
| 212Pb | 82 | 130 | 211,9918975(24) | 10,64(1) uur | β− | 212Bi | 0+ | sporen | |
| 212mPb | 1335(10) keV | 5(1) µs | (8+) | ||||||
| 213Pb | 82 | 131 | 212,996581(8) | 10,2(3) min | β− | 213Bi | (9/2+) | ||
| 214Pb | 82 | 132 | 213,9998054(26) | 26,8(9) min | β− | 214Bi | 0+ | sporen | |
| 215Pb | 82 | 133 | 215,00481(44) | 36(1) s | 5/2+ | ||||
Overzicht van isotopen per element
bewerken| 1 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | 2 | Periodiek systeem | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | He | |||||||||
| 2 | Li | Be | De links verwijzen naar isotopen per element | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||
| 3 | Na | Mg | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
| 4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| 5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| 6 | Cs | Ba | ↓ | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
| 7 | Fr | Ra | ↓↓ | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
| Lanthaniden | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
| Actiniden | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | |||
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
- (en) R.B. Firestone, S.Y. Frank Chu & C.M. Baglin (1999) - Table of Isotopes (online versie van de cd-rom)
- (en) G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot & O. Bersillon (2003) - The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuclear Physics A, 729, pp. 3-128
- (en) J.R. de Laeter, J.K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H.S. Peiser, K.J.R. Rosman & P.D.P. Taylor (2003) - Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 75 (6), pp. 683–800
- (en) M.E. Wieser (2006) - Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 78 (11), pp. 2051–2066
- (en) David R. Lide (2004) - CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.), hoofdstuk 11, CRC Press - ISBN 978-0849304859